Diseases & Conditions

Abdominal Pain

Pain felt anywhere between the chest and the groin, with causes ranging from indigestion to conditions that need urgent care.

GastroenterologyGeneral SurgeryEmergency

Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck)

A cosmetic operation that removes excess skin and fat from the abdomen and tightens the muscles of the abdominal wall.

Plastic Surgery

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Bleeding from the uterus that is heavier, longer or more frequent than normal, or that happens between periods or after menopause.

Achalasia

A rare condition in which the food pipe cannot move food into the stomach properly because its lower valve does not relax.

GastroenterologyGeneral SurgeryThoracic Surgery

Achondroplasia

A genetic condition that affects bone growth and is the most common cause of short stature with short arms and legs.

OrthopedicsDiabetes & Endocrinology

Acid Reflux (GERD)

A condition in which stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the food pipe, causing heartburn and discomfort.

Gastroenterology

Acne

A common skin condition in which blocked hair follicles cause pimples, blackheads and sometimes painful cysts.

Internal Medicine

Acoustic Neuroma

A slow-growing, non-cancerous tumour on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.

ENTNeuro Surgery

Acute Kidney Injury

A sudden drop in kidney function over hours or days, which can often be reversed if treated quickly.

Nephrology & DialysisInternal MedicineEmergency

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

A fast-growing cancer of the blood and bone marrow that affects immature white blood cells called lymphocytes.

Hematology & Oncology

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia

A fast-growing cancer of the blood and bone marrow in which abnormal myeloid cells crowd out healthy blood cells.

Hematology & Oncology

Acute Pancreatitis

Sudden inflammation of the pancreas that causes severe upper abdominal pain and can range from mild to life-threatening.

GastroenterologyGeneral SurgeryEmergency

Adrenal Cancer

A rare cancer that starts in the adrenal glands, which sit on top of the kidneys and make important hormones.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyHematology & OncologyGeneral Surgery

Adrenal Crisis

A life-threatening emergency caused by a severe lack of the hormone cortisol.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyEmergency

Agnosia

A rare condition in which a person cannot recognise objects, faces, sounds or shapes, even though their senses work normally.

Neurology

Allergic Rhinitis

Inflammation of the inside of the nose caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites or animal dander.

ENTPulmonology

Allergies

An overreaction of the immune system to substances that are usually harmless, such as foods, pollen, medicines or insect stings.

Internal MedicinePulmonologyENTEmergency

Alzheimer's Disease

The most common cause of dementia, causing a gradual decline in memory, thinking and the ability to carry out daily activities.

NeurologyPsychiatry

Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)

A childhood condition in which vision in one eye does not develop properly, so the brain favours the other eye.

Amnesia

Loss of memory for facts, information or experiences, which may affect past memories or the ability to form new ones.

NeurologyPsychiatry

Anaemia

A condition in which the blood has too few healthy red blood cells or too little haemoglobin to carry enough oxygen to the body.

Hematology & OncologyInternal Medicine

Anal Abscess

A painful collection of pus near the anus, usually caused by an infection in one of the small glands inside the anus.

General Surgery

Anal Fissure

A small tear in the lining of the anus that causes pain and bleeding when passing stools.

General Surgery

Anal Fistula

An abnormal tunnel between the inside of the anus and the skin around it, usually following an anal abscess.

General Surgery

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A genetic condition in which the body cannot respond fully to male hormones, affecting the development of the reproductive organs.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Aneurysm

A bulge in the wall of an artery, most often the aorta, which can burst and cause life-threatening bleeding.

Vascular SurgeryCardiac Surgery

Annular Pancreas

A rare condition present from birth in which a ring of pancreatic tissue wraps around the first part of the small intestine.

GastroenterologyGeneral SurgeryNeonatology

Anorexia Nervosa

A serious eating disorder in which a person restricts food intake because of an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image.

PsychiatryNutrition & Weight Management

Anthrax

A rare but serious bacterial infection that usually spreads to people from infected animals or animal products.

Internal MedicineEmergency

Aortic Stenosis

Narrowing of the aortic valve in the heart, which makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the body.

CardiologyCardiac Surgery

Apnoea and Bradycardia in Premature Babies

Pauses in breathing (apnoea) and a slow heart rate (bradycardia) that are common in babies born early.

Neonatology

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix that usually causes pain in the lower right abdomen and often needs prompt surgery.

General SurgeryLaparoscopic SurgeryEmergency

Arachnoid Cyst

A fluid-filled sac that forms between the brain or spinal cord and the arachnoid membrane that covers them.

Neuro SurgeryNeurology

Arrhythmia

A problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat, which may be too fast, too slow or irregular.

CardiologyCardiac Electrophysiology

Asphyxia (Birth Asphyxia)

A lack of oxygen and blood flow to a baby before, during or just after birth, which can affect the brain and other organs.

Neonatology

Asthma

A long-term condition in which the airways become inflamed and narrowed, causing wheezing, cough and shortness of breath.

Pulmonology

Atrial Fibrillation

A common heart rhythm disorder in which the upper chambers of the heart beat irregularly, raising the risk of stroke.

CardiologyCardiac Electrophysiology

Atrial Septal Defect

A hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart that is present from birth.

CardiologyCardiac Surgery

Atrioventricular Canal Defect

A heart defect present from birth in which there are holes in the centre of the heart and the valves between the chambers are not formed properly.

CardiologyCardiac Surgery

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A neurodevelopmental condition that affects attention, activity levels and impulse control, beginning in childhood and often continuing into adulthood.

Psychiatry

Axial Neck Pain

Pain felt in the neck itself, without pain spreading into the arms.

OrthopedicsRehabilitationNeuro Surgery

Bacterial Vaginosis

A common vaginal condition caused by an imbalance of the bacteria that normally live in the vagina.

Benign Liver Tumours

Non-cancerous growths in the liver, often found by chance on a scan.

GastroenterologyGeneral Surgery

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

A common inner-ear problem that causes short spells of spinning dizziness when you move your head in certain ways.

ENTNeurology

Bladder Cancer

A cancer that starts in the lining of the bladder, often first noticed as blood in the urine.

UrologyHematology & Oncology

Bladder Dysfunction

Problems with storing or emptying urine, causing leaks, urgency, frequent urination or difficulty passing urine.

UrologyNeurology

Bladder Outlet Obstruction

A blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or stops the flow of urine.

Urology

Blepharitis

Inflammation of the eyelid edges that causes red, itchy and crusty eyelids.

Blepharoplasty (Eyelid Lift)

Surgery to remove excess skin, muscle or fat from the upper or lower eyelids.

Plastic Surgery

Blepharospasm

A neurological condition that causes involuntary, repeated blinking or forced closing of the eyelids.

Neurology

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A mental health condition in which a person spends a lot of time worrying about flaws in their appearance that others often cannot see.

Psychiatry

Borderline Ovarian Tumours

Abnormal growths of the ovary that are not cancer but have some features of cancer and grow slowly.

Hematology & Oncology

Borderline Personality Disorder

A mental health condition that affects how a person manages emotions, relationships and their sense of self.

Psychiatry

Bowel Obstruction

A blockage that stops food, fluid and gas from passing through the small or large intestine.

General SurgeryEmergencyGastroenterology

Brachial Plexus Injuries

Damage to the network of nerves that runs from the neck to the shoulder, arm and hand.

Neuro SurgeryOrthopedicsRehabilitationPlastic Surgery

Brain Abscess

A collection of pus in the brain caused by an infection.

Neuro SurgeryNeurologyEmergency

Brain Aneurysm

A weak, bulging spot on an artery in the brain that can leak or burst and cause bleeding around the brain.

Neuro SurgeryNeurologyEmergency

Brain Tumours in Children

Abnormal growths of cells in the brain of a child, which may be non-cancerous or cancerous.

Neuro SurgeryHematology & Oncology

Breast Cancer

Cancer that forms in the cells of the breast. Early detection greatly improves the chances of successful treatment.

Hematology & OncologyGeneral Surgery

Breath Holding Spells

Episodes in which a young child stops breathing for a short time, usually after being upset, frightened or hurt.

Neonatology

Breathing Difficulty

A feeling of not being able to get enough air, which can be caused by problems with the lungs, heart or other conditions.

PulmonologyCardiologyEmergency

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

A long-term lung condition that mainly affects premature babies who needed oxygen or breathing support.

NeonatologyPulmonology

Bruxism (Teeth Grinding)

Grinding, gnashing or clenching of the teeth, either while awake or during sleep.

Dentistry

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder in which a person eats large amounts of food and then tries to get rid of it through vomiting, laxatives or excessive exercise.

PsychiatryNutrition & Weight Management

Bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa, a small fluid-filled sac that cushions bones, tendons and muscles near the joints.

OrthopedicsRheumatologyRehabilitation

Canker Sores (Mouth Ulcers)

Small, painful sores inside the mouth that are not contagious and usually heal on their own.

DentistryInternal Medicine

Carbuncles

A cluster of boils, which are painful, pus-filled bumps that form under the skin when hair follicles become infected.

General SurgeryInternal Medicine

Cataracts

Clouding of the natural lens of the eye, causing blurred vision that slowly gets worse.

Cavities (Tooth Decay)

Permanently damaged areas in the hard surface of the teeth that develop into tiny holes.

Dentistry

Central Cord Syndrome

An incomplete injury to the spinal cord in the neck that causes more weakness in the arms than in the legs.

Neuro SurgeryRehabilitation

Central Nervous System Tumours

Abnormal growths in the brain or spinal cord, which can be non-cancerous or cancerous.

Neuro SurgeryHematology & OncologyNeurology

Cerebral Palsy

A group of lifelong conditions that affect movement and posture, caused by damage to the developing brain.

NeurologyRehabilitationOrthopedics

Cervical Cancer

A cancer that starts in the cervix, the lower part of the womb, and is largely preventable through screening and vaccination.

Hematology & Oncology

Cervical Radiculopathy

Pain, numbness or weakness in the arm caused by a compressed or irritated nerve in the neck.

Neuro SurgeryOrthopedicsRehabilitation

Cervicitis

Inflammation of the cervix, the lower end of the womb that opens into the vagina.

Chalazion

A small, painless lump in the eyelid caused by a blocked oil gland.

Chiari Malformation

A condition in which the lower part of the brain extends into the spinal canal, putting pressure on the brain and spinal cord.

Neuro SurgeryNeurology

Chickenpox

A very contagious viral infection that causes an itchy, blister-like rash and fever.

Internal Medicine

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

A rare condition in which a child develops normally for at least two years and then loses previously learned skills.

PsychiatryNeurology

Chlamydia

A common sexually transmitted infection that often causes no symptoms but can lead to serious complications if untreated.

Urology

Cholera

An acute diarrhoeal infection caused by drinking water or eating food contaminated with cholera bacteria.

Internal MedicineEmergency

Cholesteatoma

An abnormal growth of skin in the middle ear behind the eardrum, which can damage the ear if not treated.

ENT

Chondroblastoma

A rare, non-cancerous bone tumour that usually grows near the ends of long bones in children and young adults.

Orthopedics

Chondrosarcoma

A type of bone cancer that starts in cartilage cells, most often in the pelvis, thigh bone or shoulder.

OrthopedicsHematology & Oncology

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)

A long-term condition that causes extreme tiredness that does not improve with rest and worsens after activity.

Internal MedicineNeurology

Chronic Kidney Disease

A gradual loss of kidney function over time. Early diagnosis and treatment can slow its progression.

Nephrology & Dialysis

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia

A slow-growing cancer of the blood and bone marrow that affects white blood cells called lymphocytes.

Hematology & Oncology

Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia

A slow-growing cancer of the bone marrow in which too many white blood cells are made.

Hematology & Oncology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A long-term lung disease that makes breathing difficult, most often caused by smoking or long exposure to smoke.

Pulmonology

Chronic Pancreatitis

Long-lasting inflammation of the pancreas that causes permanent damage and affects digestion and blood sugar control.

GastroenterologyGeneral Surgery

Chronic Venous Disease

A condition in which the veins in the legs do not return blood properly to the heart.

Vascular Surgery

Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate

Openings or splits in the upper lip, the roof of the mouth, or both, that are present from birth.

Plastic SurgeryDentistryENT

Clubfoot

A condition present at birth in which one or both feet are turned inwards and downwards.

Orthopedics

Cluster Headache

A rare type of very severe headache that occurs in groups or clusters over weeks, usually around one eye.

Neurology

Coeliac Disease

An autoimmune condition in which eating gluten damages the lining of the small intestine.

GastroenterologyNutrition & Weight Management

Cold Sores

Small, painful blisters on or around the lips caused by the herpes simplex virus.

Internal Medicine

Colic

Frequent, prolonged and intense crying in a healthy baby, with no clear cause.

Neonatology

Colorectal Cancer

A cancer that starts in the large bowel (colon) or rectum, often developing from small growths called polyps.

GastroenterologyGeneral SurgeryHematology & OncologyLaparoscopic Surgery

Combined Hyperlipidaemia

A condition in which both cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood are high, increasing the risk of heart disease.

CardiologyDiabetes & EndocrinologyInternal Medicine

Concussion

A mild brain injury caused by a blow to the head or a jolt to the body that shakes the brain.

NeurologyNeuro SurgeryEmergency

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

An inherited condition that affects the adrenal glands' ability to make the hormones cortisol and aldosterone.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyNeonatology

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

A birth defect in which there is a hole in the diaphragm, allowing abdominal organs to move into the chest.

NeonatologyGeneral SurgeryThoracic Surgery

Congenital Hand Deformities

Differences in the shape or structure of the hand that are present at birth, such as extra, joined or missing fingers.

Plastic SurgeryOrthopedics

Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome

A rare kidney disorder that starts in the first three months of life and causes large amounts of protein to leak into the urine.

Nephrology & DialysisNeonatology

Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation

A rare abnormal growth of lung tissue that develops before birth and forms cysts in part of the lung.

NeonatologyThoracic Surgery

Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries

A rare heart defect present at birth in which the lower chambers of the heart and their great arteries are switched.

CardiologyCardiac Surgery

Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)

Inflammation of the thin, clear layer covering the white of the eye, causing red, itchy or watery eyes.

Constipation

Passing stools less often than usual, or having hard, dry stools that are difficult to pass.

GastroenterologyInternal Medicine

Corneal Disease

A group of conditions that affect the cornea, the clear front window of the eye, and can cause pain or blurred vision.

Corneal Ulcer

An open sore on the cornea, the clear front surface of the eye, usually caused by infection.

Corns and Calluses

Thick, hardened layers of skin that form to protect areas under repeated pressure or friction, usually on the feet.

Internal MedicineOrthopedics

Coronary Artery Disease

Narrowing of the arteries that supply the heart, which can cause chest pain (angina) and heart attacks.

CardiologyCardiac Surgery

Cosmetic Dental Concerns

Concerns about the appearance of the teeth, such as their colour, shape, spacing or alignment.

Dentistry

Cough

A reflex that clears the airways, which can be short-lived with a cold or long-lasting due to other conditions.

PulmonologyInternal MedicineENT

Craniosynostosis

A condition present at birth in which one or more of the joints between the bones of a baby's skull close too early.

Neuro SurgeryPlastic Surgery

Crohn's Disease

A long-term inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract, most often the end of the small intestine.

GastroenterologyGeneral Surgery

Croup

A common childhood infection that causes swelling of the windpipe and a barking cough.

PulmonologyENTEmergency

Cushing's Syndrome

A condition caused by having too much of the hormone cortisol in the body for a long time.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus

A form of lupus that affects the skin, causing rashes or sores, especially on sun-exposed areas.

Rheumatology

Cystic Fibrosis

An inherited condition that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system.

PulmonologyGastroenterology

Delirium

A sudden change in mental state that causes confusion, poor attention and changes in alertness.

Internal MedicinePsychiatryNeurology

Dementia

A group of conditions that cause a gradual decline in memory, thinking and the ability to manage everyday life.

NeurologyPsychiatry

Dengue Fever

A viral infection spread by Aedes mosquitoes that causes high fever and body aches and can become severe in some people.

Internal Medicine

Dental Abscess

A collection of pus in a tooth or the gum caused by a bacterial infection.

Dentistry

Dental Erosion

Loss of tooth enamel caused by acid attacks, making teeth sensitive and weaker.

Dentistry

Dental Injuries: Chipped and Cracked Teeth

Damage to a tooth from a fall, blow to the face or biting on something hard.

DentistryEmergency

Depression

A common mental health condition that causes persistent low mood and loss of interest. It is treatable.

Psychiatry

Developmental Coordination Disorder

A condition that affects movement and coordination in children, making everyday tasks harder.

RehabilitationNeurology

Deviated Nasal Septum

A condition in which the thin wall between the nostrils is off-centre, which can block one side of the nose.

ENT

Diabetes in Children

Diabetes that develops in childhood or adolescence, most often type 1 but increasingly type 2.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Diabetic Retinopathy

Damage to the blood vessels in the retina at the back of the eye caused by diabetes, which can lead to vision loss.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Diarrhoea

Passing loose or watery stools more often than usual.

GastroenterologyInternal Medicine

Dopamine-Responsive Dystonia

A rare inherited movement disorder that causes muscle stiffness and abnormal postures, which improves dramatically with medicine.

Neurology

Down Syndrome

A genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, which affects development and can cause certain health problems.

NeonatologyCardiology

Drooping Eyelids (Ptosis)

A drooping of the upper eyelid that can affect one or both eyes and sometimes blocks vision.

Plastic SurgeryNeurology

Dry Eyes

A common condition in which the eyes do not make enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly.

Dry Mouth

A feeling of dryness in the mouth because the salivary glands do not make enough saliva.

DentistryENTInternal Medicine

Dry Socket

A painful condition that can happen after a tooth is removed, when the blood clot in the socket is lost or does not form.

Dentistry

Ductal Carcinoma

The most common type of breast cancer, which starts in the milk ducts of the breast.

Hematology & OncologyGeneral Surgery

Dyscalculia

A learning difficulty that affects a person's ability to understand numbers and do arithmetic.

Psychiatry

Dyslexia

A common learning difficulty that mainly affects reading, spelling and writing.

Psychiatry

Dyslipidaemia

Abnormal levels of fats (lipids) such as cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, which increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

CardiologyDiabetes & EndocrinologyInternal Medicine

Dysmenorrhoea (Painful Periods)

Pain and cramping in the lower abdomen before or during a period.

Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing)

Difficulty or discomfort when swallowing food or liquids.

GastroenterologyENTNeurology

Dystonia Musculorum Deformans

A rare inherited form of dystonia that usually begins in childhood and causes twisting movements and abnormal postures.

NeurologyNeuro Surgery

Ear Infection (Otitis Media)

An infection of the middle ear, behind the eardrum, that is especially common in young children.

ENT

Ear Pressure Pain

Discomfort or pain in the ear caused by a difference in air pressure inside and outside the ear.

ENT

Early or Delayed Puberty

Puberty that starts earlier or later than usual.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Earwax Blockage

A build-up of earwax in the ear canal that causes blocked ears or hearing loss.

ENT

Ebola

A rare but severe viral illness that spreads through contact with the body fluids of infected people or animals.

Internal MedicineEmergency

Ebstein's Anomaly

A rare heart defect present from birth in which the tricuspid valve is malformed and sits lower than normal.

CardiologyCardiac Surgery

Ectopic Pregnancy

A pregnancy that grows outside the womb, most often in a fallopian tube, which cannot continue and can be life-threatening.

Emergency

Eczema

A long-term condition that makes the skin dry, itchy, red and cracked.

Internal Medicine

Enchondroma

A common, non-cancerous tumour of cartilage that grows inside the bone, often in the hands.

Orthopedics

Endometrial Cancer

A cancer that starts in the lining of the womb, most common after menopause.

Hematology & Oncology

Endometriosis

A condition in which tissue similar to the womb lining grows outside the womb, causing pain and sometimes difficulty getting pregnant.

Enlarged Adenoids

Swelling of the adenoids, tissue at the back of the nose, which is common in children and can block breathing through the nose.

ENT

Enlarged Prostate (BPH)

A non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that is common in older men and can cause urinary symptoms.

Urology

Entropion

A condition in which the eyelid turns inwards, causing the eyelashes to rub against the eye.

Plastic Surgery

Epistaxis (Nosebleed)

Bleeding from the inside of the nose, which is common and usually not serious.

ENTEmergency

Erb's Palsy (Brachial Plexus Birth Injury)

Weakness or paralysis of a baby's arm caused by stretching of the nerves in the neck during birth.

OrthopedicsNeuro SurgeryRehabilitationNeonatology

Erectile Dysfunction

Difficulty getting or keeping an erection firm enough for sex.

UrologyDiabetes & Endocrinology

Ewing's Sarcoma

A rare cancer of bone or soft tissue that mainly affects children, teenagers and young adults.

OrthopedicsHematology & Oncology

Eye Allergies

An allergic reaction that makes the eyes red, itchy and watery.

Eye Floaters

Small spots, threads or cobwebs that drift across your field of vision.

Facelift

A cosmetic operation that lifts and tightens the skin and tissues of the face and neck to reduce visible signs of ageing.

Plastic Surgery

Faecal Incontinence

Difficulty controlling the bowels, leading to leakage of stool or wind.

GastroenterologyGeneral Surgery

Fatigue and Excessive Sleepiness

Feeling constantly tired or sleepy during the day, even after enough sleep.

Internal MedicinePulmonologyNeurology

Female Infertility

Difficulty getting pregnant after a year of regular unprotected sex, or six months for women over 35.

Female Sexual Arousal Disorder

Persistent difficulty becoming or staying sexually aroused, causing distress.

Psychiatry

Fibroids

Non-cancerous growths of muscle in or around the womb.

Fibromyalgia

A long-term condition that causes pain all over the body, tiredness and poor sleep.

RheumatologyRehabilitation

Fibrous Dysplasia

A rare condition in which normal bone is replaced with weaker, fibrous tissue.

Orthopedics

Fifth Disease (Parvovirus Infection)

A common viral infection in children that causes a bright red rash on the cheeks.

Internal Medicine

Finger Replantation

Microsurgery to reattach a finger that has been completely cut off.

Plastic SurgeryOrthopedicsEmergency

Flu

A common viral infection that affects the nose, throat and lungs, often with fever and body aches.

Internal MedicinePulmonology

Fungal Nail Infection

A common infection that makes nails thick, discoloured and brittle.

Internal Medicine

Gallstones

Hard deposits that form in the gallbladder and can cause sudden pain in the upper right abdomen.

General SurgeryLaparoscopic SurgeryGastroenterology

Gastroenteritis

An infection of the stomach and bowel that causes diarrhoea and vomiting.

GastroenterologyInternal MedicineEmergency

Gastrointestinal Cancer

Cancers that start in the digestive system, including the oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas and bowel.

GastroenterologyHematology & OncologyGeneral Surgery

Generalised Anxiety Disorder

A condition in which a person feels anxious and worried about many things most days.

Psychiatry

Genital Herpes

A common sexually transmitted infection that causes painful blisters or sores in the genital area.

UrologyInternal Medicine

Gestational Diabetes

High blood sugar that develops during pregnancy and usually goes away after birth.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Giant Cell Tumour of Bone

A usually non-cancerous but locally aggressive bone tumour that most often affects young adults near the knee.

OrthopedicsHematology & Oncology

Glaucoma

A group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often because of high pressure inside the eye.

Gliomas

Tumours that start in the supportive (glial) cells of the brain or spinal cord.

Neuro SurgeryNeurologyHematology & Oncology

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys, which can affect kidney function.

Nephrology & Dialysis

Glue Ear

A build-up of fluid in the middle ear that causes muffled hearing, especially in young children.

ENT

Goitre

An enlargement of the thyroid gland in the neck.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyGeneral SurgeryENT

Gout

A type of arthritis that causes sudden, severe attacks of joint pain, swelling and redness.

RheumatologyInternal Medicine

Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children

A condition in which the pituitary gland does not make enough growth hormone, causing a child to grow slowly.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Gum Disease (Gingivitis and Periodontitis)

Inflammation and infection of the gums that can damage the tissues and bone supporting the teeth.

Dentistry

Gynaecomastia

Enlargement of breast tissue in boys or men.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyPlastic SurgeryGeneral Surgery

Haematuria

Blood in the urine, which may be visible or only found on a urine test.

UrologyNephrology & Dialysis

Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease

A common viral infection in young children that causes mouth ulcers and a rash on the hands and feet.

Internal Medicine

Hearing Loss

A partial or total inability to hear sounds in one or both ears.

ENT

Heart Attack

A medical emergency in which blood flow to part of the heart muscle is suddenly blocked.

CardiologyEmergencyCardiac Surgery

Heart Failure

A condition in which the heart does not pump blood as well as it should, causing breathlessness and swelling.

Cardiology

Heart Murmurs

An extra sound heard during a heartbeat, caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart.

Cardiology

Heart Valve Disease

A condition in which one or more heart valves do not open or close properly.

CardiologyCardiac Surgery

Hepatitis A

A liver infection caused by a virus spread through contaminated food and water.

GastroenterologyInternal Medicine

Hepatitis B and C

Viral infections that inflame the liver and, if untreated, can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.

GastroenterologyInternal Medicine

Hepatitis D

A serious liver infection that only occurs in people who also have hepatitis B.

GastroenterologyInternal Medicine

Hepatitis E

A liver infection caused by a virus spread mainly through contaminated drinking water.

GastroenterologyInternal Medicine

Hereditary Multiple Exostoses

An inherited condition that causes many bony lumps (osteochondromas) to grow from the bones.

Orthopedics

Hernia

A bulge that forms when an organ or tissue pushes through a weak spot in the muscle wall, often in the groin or navel.

General SurgeryLaparoscopic Surgery

Herpes Stomatitis

A painful infection of the mouth and gums caused by the herpes simplex virus, most common in young children.

DentistryInternal Medicine

Hiatal Hernia

A condition in which part of the stomach pushes up into the chest through the diaphragm.

GastroenterologyGeneral SurgeryLaparoscopic Surgery

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

A common condition in which blood pressure stays too high, increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke and kidney disease.

CardiologyInternal Medicine

HIV/AIDS

A virus that attacks the immune system. Without treatment, it can lead to AIDS.

Internal Medicine

Hives

Raised, itchy welts on the skin that appear suddenly and usually fade within a day.

Internal Medicine

Hoarseness

A change in the voice that makes it sound rough, breathy, strained or weak.

ENT

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

A cancer of the lymphatic system that often starts in the lymph nodes of the neck, chest or armpits.

Hematology & Oncology

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A very common virus that can cause warts and, with some types, cervical and other cancers.

Urology

Huntington's Disease

An inherited brain condition that gradually affects movement, thinking and behaviour.

NeurologyPsychiatry

Hydrocele

A build-up of fluid around a testicle that causes swelling of the scrotum.

UrologyGeneral Surgery

Hyperaldosteronism

A condition in which the adrenal glands make too much aldosterone, causing high blood pressure and low potassium.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyCardiology

Hyperdontia

A condition in which a person has more teeth than usual.

Dentistry

Hypergonadism

A rare condition in which the testes or ovaries make too much sex hormone.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Hyperopia (Long-sightedness)

A common vision problem in which nearby objects look blurry, while distant objects may be clear.

Hyperpituitarism

A condition in which the pituitary gland makes too much of one or more hormones, usually because of a benign tumour.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyNeuro Surgery

Hypertension in Children

High blood pressure in children and teenagers, which is becoming more common.

CardiologyNephrology & Dialysis

Hyperthyroidism

A condition in which the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone, speeding up the body's processes.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

A persistent lack of interest in sex that causes personal distress.

PsychiatryUrology

Hypoaldosteronism

A condition in which the body has too little aldosterone, or does not respond to it, causing high potassium and low sodium.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyNephrology & Dialysis

Hypochondriasis (Health Anxiety)

Persistent worry about having or developing a serious illness, despite reassurance and normal test results.

Psychiatry

Hypoglycaemia

A blood sugar level that is too low, which can cause symptoms ranging from shakiness to loss of consciousness.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyEmergency

Hypogonadism

A condition in which the testes or ovaries make too little sex hormone.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyUrology

Hypophosphatasia

A rare inherited condition that affects the development of bones and teeth.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyOrthopedics

Hypopituitarism

A condition in which the pituitary gland does not make enough of one or more hormones.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyNeuro Surgery

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

A serious heart defect present from birth in which the left side of the heart is underdeveloped.

CardiologyCardiac SurgeryNeonatology

Hypospadias

A condition present from birth in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of the tip.

UrologyPlastic Surgery

Hypothyroidism

A condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone, slowing down many body functions.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Idiopathic Epilepsy

A tendency to have repeated seizures with no identifiable brain injury or other cause, often thought to be genetic.

Neurology

Idiopathic Short Stature

Short height in a child without any identifiable medical cause.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Impacted Teeth

Teeth that are blocked from coming through the gum normally.

Dentistry

Impetigo

A common and contagious bacterial skin infection that causes sores and honey-coloured crusts.

Internal Medicine

Ingrown Nails

A nail that grows into the surrounding skin, usually on the big toe.

General Surgery

Inherited Metabolic Disorders

A group of genetic conditions in which the body cannot properly break down or use certain foods or chemicals.

NeonatologyDiabetes & Endocrinology

Insomnia

Regular difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep or waking too early, which affects how you feel during the day.

PsychiatryNeurology

Intellectual Disability

A condition in which a person has difficulties with thinking, learning and everyday life skills that start in childhood.

PsychiatryNeurology

Interstitial Cystitis

A long-term condition that causes bladder pain and a frequent, urgent need to pass urine.

Urology

Interstitial Lung Disease

A group of conditions that cause inflammation and scarring of the lung tissue, making it hard to breathe.

Pulmonology

Interstitial Nephritis

Inflammation of the spaces between the kidney tubules, which can affect kidney function.

Nephrology & Dialysis

Intracerebral Haemorrhage

A type of stroke caused by bleeding inside the brain.

NeurologyNeuro SurgeryEmergency

Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)

A condition in which a baby does not grow as expected in the womb.

Neonatology

Jaundice

Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by a build-up of bilirubin in the blood.

GastroenterologyInternal MedicineNeonatology

Kallmann Syndrome

A rare genetic condition that causes delayed or absent puberty and a reduced or absent sense of smell.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Keloid

A raised, thick scar that grows beyond the edges of the original wound.

Plastic SurgeryInternal Medicine

Keratoconus

A condition in which the cornea, the clear front of the eye, thins and bulges into a cone shape, distorting vision.

Kidney Cancer

A cancer that starts in the kidney, most commonly renal cell carcinoma.

UrologyHematology & Oncology

Kidney Stones

Hard deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause severe pain when they move through the urinary tract.

UrologyNephrology & Dialysis

Knee Osteoarthritis

Gradual wear of the cartilage in the knee joint that causes pain, stiffness and reduced movement.

OrthopedicsRheumatologyRehabilitation

Kyphosis

An excessive forward curve of the upper back.

OrthopedicsRehabilitation

Labour and Delivery

The process of giving birth, from the start of labour to the delivery of the baby and placenta.

Neonatology

Lacerations

Cuts or tears in the skin and underlying tissue caused by injury.

EmergencyGeneral SurgeryPlastic Surgery

Lactose Intolerance

Difficulty digesting lactose, the sugar in milk and dairy products, causing digestive symptoms.

GastroenterologyNutrition & Weight Management

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the voice box (larynx) that causes hoarseness or loss of voice.

ENT

Lip Cancer

A cancer that develops on the lips, most often the lower lip.

ENTHematology & OncologyPlastic Surgery

Liposuction

A cosmetic procedure that removes stubborn fat from specific areas of the body to improve its shape.

Plastic Surgery

Liver Cancer

A cancer that starts in the liver, most commonly in people with long-term liver disease.

GastroenterologyHematology & OncologyGeneral Surgery

Lobular Carcinoma

A type of breast cancer that starts in the milk-producing glands (lobules) of the breast.

Hematology & OncologyGeneral Surgery

Low Back Pain

Pain in the lower back that is very common and usually improves with self-care, though some causes need specialist treatment.

OrthopedicsRehabilitationNeuro Surgery

Lung Cancer

A cancer that starts in the lungs and is one of the most common causes of cancer death.

PulmonologyHematology & OncologyThoracic Surgery

Lupus Nephritis

Kidney inflammation caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Nephrology & DialysisRheumatology

Lyme Disease

A bacterial infection spread by the bite of an infected tick.

Internal Medicine

Lymphoedema

Long-term swelling of a part of the body, usually an arm or leg, caused by a problem with the lymphatic system.

Vascular SurgeryRehabilitationPlastic Surgery

Macular Degeneration

An eye condition that damages the macula, the part of the retina responsible for sharp central vision.

Malabsorption

A condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb enough nutrients from food.

GastroenterologyNutrition & Weight Management

Male Infertility and Sexual Disorders

Difficulty fathering a child or problems with sexual function in men.

UrologyDiabetes & Endocrinology

Measles

A highly contagious viral illness that causes fever and a rash and can lead to serious complications.

Internal MedicinePulmonology

Meconium Aspiration and Other Aspiration Syndromes

Breathing problems in a newborn caused by inhaling meconium (the baby's first stool) or other fluids around the time of birth.

Neonatology

Melasma

A common skin condition that causes brown or grey-brown patches, usually on the face.

Internal MedicinePlastic Surgery

Meniere's Disease

An inner ear condition that causes episodes of vertigo, ringing in the ears, hearing loss and a feeling of fullness in the ear.

ENT

Meningioma

A usually non-cancerous tumour that grows from the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

Neuro SurgeryNeurology

Meniscus Tear

A tear in the C-shaped cartilage that cushions the knee joint.

OrthopedicsRehabilitation

Menopause

The time when a woman's periods stop permanently, usually between the ages of 45 and 55.

Migraine

A type of headache that causes intense, throbbing pain, often with nausea and sensitivity to light and sound.

Neurology

Mitochondrial Disorders

A group of inherited conditions in which the energy-producing parts of cells do not work properly.

NeurologyNeonatology

Mitral Valve Disease

A problem with the mitral valve, which controls blood flow between the left chambers of the heart.

CardiologyCardiac Surgery

Multiple Sclerosis

A long-term condition in which the immune system attacks the protective covering of nerves in the brain and spinal cord.

Neurology

Mumps

A viral infection that causes painful swelling of the salivary glands in front of the ears.

Internal MedicineENT

Myocarditis

Inflammation of the heart muscle that can affect the heart's ability to pump and its rhythm.

Cardiology

Myopia (Short-sightedness)

A common vision problem in which distant objects look blurry, while close objects are clear.

Naegleria Infection

A rare but almost always fatal brain infection caused by an amoeba that enters through the nose from contaminated water.

NeurologyInternal MedicineEmergency

Narcolepsy

A long-term sleep disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks.

NeurologyPulmonology

Nasal Congestion

A blocked or stuffy nose caused by swollen nasal tissues or mucus.

ENT

Nasal Deformity

A change in the shape of the nose that can affect appearance and breathing.

ENTPlastic Surgery

Nasal Polyps

Soft, painless, non-cancerous growths in the lining of the nose and sinuses.

ENT

Necrotising Enterocolitis

A serious bowel condition mainly affecting premature babies, in which part of the bowel becomes inflamed and damaged.

NeonatologyGeneral Surgery

Necrotising Fasciitis

A rare but life-threatening bacterial infection that spreads quickly through tissues under the skin.

General SurgeryEmergencyPlastic Surgery

Nephrocalcinosis

A condition in which calcium builds up in the kidney tissue.

Nephrology & DialysisUrology

Nephrotic Syndrome

A kidney condition in which large amounts of protein leak into the urine, causing swelling.

Nephrology & Dialysis

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

Permanent hearing damage caused by exposure to loud sounds.

ENT

Non-Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A milder, later-presenting form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia that causes excess male hormones.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

A group of cancers of the lymphatic system that can start in lymph nodes or other organs.

Hematology & Oncology

Non-melanoma Skin Cancer

The most common types of skin cancer, which usually develop on sun-exposed skin.

Plastic SurgeryHematology & Oncology

Non-Secretory Pituitary Tumours

Non-cancerous pituitary tumours that do not produce excess hormones but can press on nearby structures.

Neuro SurgeryDiabetes & Endocrinology

Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

The most common type of lung cancer, including adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

PulmonologyHematology & OncologyThoracic Surgery

Nonverbal Learning Disorder

A learning difference in which a person has strong verbal skills but difficulty with visual, spatial and social skills.

Psychiatry

Obesity

A condition of excess body fat that increases the risk of diabetes, heart disease and other health problems.

Bariatric SurgeryNutrition & Weight Management

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

A personality disorder marked by a strong need for order, perfection and control that interferes with flexibility and relationships.

Psychiatry

Obstructed Hernia

A hernia that becomes stuck, blocking the bowel or cutting off its blood supply.

General SurgeryEmergency

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea

A sleep disorder in which the throat repeatedly narrows or closes during sleep, causing pauses in breathing.

PulmonologyENTBariatric Surgery

Oesophagitis

Inflammation of the oesophagus (food pipe), which can cause pain and difficulty swallowing.

Gastroenterology

Optic Nerve Hypoplasia

A condition present from birth in which the optic nerve is underdeveloped, affecting vision.

NeurologyDiabetes & Endocrinology

Oral Cancer

A cancer that develops in the mouth, including the lips, gums, tongue, cheeks and floor of the mouth.

ENTHematology & Oncology

Oral Thrush

A fungal infection of the mouth that causes white patches and soreness.

DentistryInternal Medicine

Orthodontic Problems

Problems with the position of the teeth or jaws, which can affect appearance, chewing and oral health.

Dentistry

Osteoarthritis

The most common type of arthritis, in which the cartilage in joints wears down, causing pain and stiffness.

OrthopedicsRheumatologyRehabilitation

Osteochondroma

The most common non-cancerous bone tumour, a bony lump that grows near the end of a long bone.

Orthopedics

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

An inherited condition that makes bones fragile and prone to breaking.

OrthopedicsDiabetes & Endocrinology

Osteoid Osteoma

A small, non-cancerous bone tumour that causes pain, usually in children and young adults.

Orthopedics

Osteomalacia and Rickets

Softening of the bones, usually caused by a lack of vitamin D. It is called rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

OrthopedicsDiabetes & Endocrinology

Osteoporosis

A condition that weakens bones, making them more likely to break.

OrthopedicsRheumatologyDiabetes & Endocrinology

Osteosarcoma

The most common type of primary bone cancer, mainly affecting teenagers and young adults.

OrthopedicsHematology & Oncology

Otitis Externa (Swimmer's Ear)

An infection or inflammation of the ear canal.

ENT

Otosclerosis

A condition in which abnormal bone growth in the middle ear causes gradual hearing loss.

ENT

Ovarian Cancer

A cancer that starts in the ovaries, often found at a later stage because early symptoms are vague.

Hematology & Oncology

Ovarian Cysts

Fluid-filled sacs that develop on or in an ovary.

Paget's Disease of Bone

A condition in which the normal process of bone renewal is disrupted, causing bones to become enlarged and weak.

OrthopedicsRheumatologyDiabetes & Endocrinology

Pancreatic Cancer

A cancer that starts in the pancreas, often diagnosed late because early symptoms are vague.

GastroenterologyHematology & OncologyGeneral Surgery

Pancreatic Pseudocysts

Collections of fluid around the pancreas that can develop after pancreatitis or injury.

GastroenterologyGeneral Surgery

Panic Disorder

A condition in which a person has repeated, unexpected panic attacks and worries about having more.

Psychiatry

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A personality disorder marked by persistent distrust and suspicion of others.

Psychiatry

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A heart condition in which a blood vessel that should close after birth stays open.

CardiologyNeonatologyCardiac Surgery

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

An infection of the womb, fallopian tubes or ovaries, often caused by sexually transmitted infections.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse

A condition in which one or more pelvic organs drop down and bulge into the vagina.

Urology

Penile Cancer

A rare cancer that develops on the skin or tissues of the penis.

UrologyHematology & Oncology

Peripheral Artery Disease

Narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the legs, causing pain when walking.

Vascular SurgeryCardiology

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

A highly contagious bacterial infection that causes severe coughing fits.

PulmonologyInternal MedicineNeonatology

Pheochromocytoma

A rare, usually non-cancerous tumour of the adrenal gland that makes excess adrenaline-like hormones.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyGeneral Surgery

Phobias

An intense, irrational fear of a specific object, situation or activity.

Psychiatry

Piles (Haemorrhoids)

Swollen blood vessels in and around the anus and lower rectum.

General SurgeryGastroenterology

Pinworms

A common intestinal worm infection that causes itching around the anus, especially in children.

Internal Medicine

Pituitary Gigantism

A rare condition in children in which too much growth hormone causes excessive growth and height.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyNeuro Surgery

Planning for Pregnancy

Steps to take before conceiving to give you and your baby the best start.

Pleural Effusion

A build-up of fluid between the lungs and the chest wall.

PulmonologyInternal MedicineThoracic Surgery

Pneumonia

An infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, causing cough, fever and difficulty breathing.

PulmonologyInternal Medicine

Pneumothorax

A collapsed lung caused by air leaking into the space between the lung and the chest wall.

PulmonologyThoracic SurgeryEmergency

Polio

A viral infection that can cause paralysis and is preventable with vaccination.

NeurologyRehabilitationInternal Medicine

Polycystic Kidney Disease

An inherited condition in which many fluid-filled cysts grow in the kidneys, gradually affecting kidney function.

Nephrology & DialysisUrology

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

A common hormonal condition in women that can cause irregular periods, excess hair growth and difficulty getting pregnant.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Post Nasal Drip

A feeling of mucus dripping from the back of the nose into the throat.

ENT

Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

Kidney inflammation that can follow a strep throat or skin infection, most common in children.

Nephrology & Dialysis

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A mental health condition that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a frightening or distressing event.

Psychiatry

Posterior Urethral Valves

A condition present from birth in boys in which extra flaps of tissue block the flow of urine from the bladder.

UrologyNephrology & DialysisNeonatology

Postpartum Depression

Depression that develops during pregnancy or in the year after giving birth.

Psychiatry

Postpartum Psychosis

A rare but serious mental health emergency that can develop shortly after childbirth.

PsychiatryEmergency

Pregnancy

The period of about 40 weeks during which a baby develops in the womb.

Premature Ejaculation

Ejaculation that happens sooner than desired during sex, causing distress.

UrologyPsychiatry

Presbyopia

Gradual loss of the eye's ability to focus on close objects, usually starting in the 40s.

Primary Progressive Aphasia

A rare type of dementia that gradually affects language skills.

Neurology

Prolactinoma

A non-cancerous pituitary tumour that makes too much prolactin, the hormone that stimulates breast milk.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyNeuro Surgery

Prostate Cancer

A cancer that develops in the prostate gland in men, most commonly after age 50.

UrologyHematology & Oncology

Prostatitis

Inflammation or infection of the prostate gland.

Urology

Proteinuria

The presence of excess protein in the urine, which can be a sign of kidney damage.

Nephrology & Dialysis

Psoriasis

A long-term skin condition that causes red, scaly patches.

RheumatologyInternal Medicine

Psoriatic Arthritis

A type of inflammatory arthritis that affects some people with psoriasis.

Rheumatology

Pulmonary Embolism

A blockage in a lung artery, usually caused by a blood clot from the legs.

PulmonologyCardiologyEmergency

Pulmonary Oedema

A build-up of fluid in the lungs that makes breathing difficult.

CardiologyPulmonologyEmergency

Pyloric Stenosis

A condition in young babies in which the muscle at the stomach outlet thickens, blocking food from passing into the bowel.

General SurgeryNeonatology

Rabies

A viral infection of the brain spread through the bite or scratch of an infected animal, most often a dog.

EmergencyInternal Medicine

Raynaud's Phenomenon

A condition in which the fingers and toes change colour and feel cold or numb in response to cold or stress.

RheumatologyVascular Surgery

Reflux Nephropathy

Kidney damage caused by urine flowing backwards from the bladder to the kidneys, usually starting in childhood.

Nephrology & DialysisUrology

Renal Artery or Vein Thrombosis

A blood clot in the artery or vein of a kidney that can reduce kidney function.

Nephrology & DialysisVascular SurgeryEmergency

Renal Papillary Necrosis

Damage to the parts of the kidney where urine collects, which can lead to kidney problems.

Nephrology & DialysisUrology

Renal Tubular Acidosis

A condition in which the kidneys cannot remove enough acid from the blood.

Nephrology & Dialysis

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A breathing disorder in premature babies caused by a lack of surfactant in the lungs.

Neonatology

Retinal Detachment

An emergency in which the retina at the back of the eye pulls away from its normal position.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

An autoimmune disease that causes painful swelling and stiffness in the joints, usually on both sides of the body.

Rheumatology

Ringworm

A common fungal infection of the skin, scalp or nails that causes a ring-shaped rash.

Internal Medicine

Rotavirus

A common viral infection that causes severe diarrhoea and vomiting in babies and young children.

NeonatologyGastroenterology

Salmonellosis

A bacterial infection of the gut, often from contaminated food, that causes diarrhoea, fever and stomach cramps.

GastroenterologyInternal Medicine

Scabies

A contagious skin condition caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin and cause intense itching.

Internal Medicine

Schizophrenia

A long-term mental health condition that affects how a person thinks, feels and perceives reality.

Psychiatry

Schwannoma (Neurilemmoma)

A usually non-cancerous tumour that grows from the covering of a nerve.

Neuro SurgeryNeurology

Sciatica

Pain that spreads from the lower back down the back of the leg, caused by irritation of the sciatic nerve.

OrthopedicsNeuro SurgeryRehabilitation

Scoliosis

A sideways curve of the spine.

OrthopedicsNeuro SurgeryRehabilitation

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

A type of depression that occurs at a particular time of year, usually in winter.

Psychiatry

Sebaceous Cysts

Small, harmless lumps under the skin filled with a cheesy material.

General SurgeryPlastic Surgery

Seborrheic Keratosis

A common, harmless skin growth that appears with age.

Plastic SurgeryInternal Medicine

Secondary Hypertension

High blood pressure caused by another medical condition or medicine.

CardiologyNephrology & DialysisDiabetes & Endocrinology

Secretory Pituitary Tumours

Non-cancerous pituitary tumours that produce excess hormones.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyNeuro Surgery

Sensitive Teeth

Sharp, short pain in the teeth when eating or drinking something hot, cold, sweet or acidic.

Dentistry

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

A serious respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, which caused a global outbreak in 2002 to 2003.

PulmonologyInternal Medicine

Shingles

A painful rash caused by reactivation of the chickenpox virus.

Internal MedicineNeurology

Sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinuses that causes a blocked nose, facial pain and thick nasal discharge.

ENT

Skin Cancer

Cancers that start in the skin, including melanoma, the most serious type.

Plastic SurgeryHematology & Oncology

Skin Grafting for Burns

Surgery to cover burn wounds with healthy skin taken from another part of the body.

Plastic Surgery

Skin Tags

Small, soft, harmless skin growths that often appear on the neck, armpits or groin.

Plastic SurgeryInternal Medicine

Smallpox

A serious contagious disease caused by the variola virus, declared eradicated worldwide in 1980.

Internal Medicine

Snoring

A harsh sound made when air flows past relaxed tissues in the throat during sleep.

ENTPulmonology

Social Anxiety and Selective Mutism in Children

Anxiety conditions in which children fear social situations or are unable to speak in certain settings.

Psychiatry

Soft Tissue Sarcoma

A rare cancer that starts in soft tissues such as muscle, fat, nerves, blood vessels or deep skin tissue.

Hematology & OncologyOrthopedicsGeneral Surgery

Somatoform Pain Disorder

A condition in which a person has persistent pain that causes major distress, where psychological factors play an important role.

PsychiatryRehabilitation

Sore Throat

Pain, scratchiness or irritation of the throat, often worse when swallowing.

ENTInternal Medicine

Spasmodic Torticollis

A movement disorder in which the neck muscles contract involuntarily, causing the head to twist or tilt.

NeurologyRehabilitation

Spasticity

Stiff or tight muscles caused by damage to the brain or spinal cord, which can interfere with movement.

NeurologyRehabilitationOrthopedics

Spina Bifida

A condition present from birth in which the spine and spinal cord do not form properly.

Neuro SurgeryNeonatologyOrthopedicsUrology

Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy

Damage to the nerve that controls the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, causing shoulder weakness.

NeurologyRehabilitationNeuro Surgery

Spinal Cord Abscess

A collection of pus in or around the spinal cord that can press on it and cause nerve damage.

Neuro SurgeryNeurologyEmergency

Spinal Cord Compression

Pressure on the spinal cord that can cause pain, weakness and loss of function.

Neuro SurgeryOrthopedicsEmergency

Spinal Cord Tumours

Abnormal growths in or around the spinal cord.

Neuro SurgeryNeurologyHematology & Oncology

Spondylolisthesis

A condition in which one vertebra slips forward over the one below it.

OrthopedicsNeuro SurgeryRehabilitation

Spondylosis

Age-related wear and tear of the spinal discs and joints.

OrthopedicsNeuro SurgeryRehabilitation

Stasis Dermatitis

Skin inflammation on the lower legs caused by poor blood flow in the veins.

Vascular SurgeryInternal Medicine

Strabismus (Crossed Eyes)

A condition in which the eyes do not look in the same direction at the same time.

Strep Throat

A bacterial throat infection caused by group A streptococcus.

ENTInternal Medicine

Stroke

A medical emergency in which the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked or a blood vessel in the brain bursts.

NeurologyEmergencyRehabilitation

Stuttering

A speech disorder in which the flow of speech is interrupted by repetitions, prolongations or blocks.

RehabilitationPsychiatry

Sydenham's Chorea

A movement disorder in children that follows a streptococcal infection, as part of rheumatic fever.

NeurologyCardiology

Symptomatic Epilepsy

Epilepsy caused by a known brain problem, such as injury, stroke, infection or a tumour.

NeurologyNeuro Surgery

Syphilis

A sexually transmitted infection that can cause serious health problems if not treated.

Internal MedicineUrology

Syringomyelia and Hydromyelia (Syrinx)

A condition in which a fluid-filled cavity (syrinx) forms in the spinal cord.

Neuro SurgeryNeurology

Tendinopathy

Pain and stiffness in a tendon, often caused by overuse.

OrthopedicsRehabilitation

Tension Headache

The most common type of headache, often felt as a tight band around the head.

Neurology

Testicular Cancer

A cancer that starts in the testicles, most common in young men.

UrologyHematology & Oncology

Tetanus

A serious infection caused by bacteria that enter the body through wounds, causing painful muscle stiffness.

EmergencyInternal Medicine

Tethered Spinal Cord

A condition in which the lower end of the spinal cord is abnormally attached, so it stretches as a child grows.

Neuro SurgeryUrologyOrthopedics

Thalassaemia

An inherited blood disorder in which the body makes too little haemoglobin.

Hematology & Oncology

Thyroid Cancer

A cancer that starts in the thyroid gland at the front of the neck.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyGeneral SurgeryHematology & Oncology

Thyroid Nodules

Lumps that form within the thyroid gland, which are very common and usually not cancerous.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyGeneral Surgery

Thyroiditis

Inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can make it overactive, underactive or both at different times.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Tinnitus

Hearing ringing, buzzing, hissing or other sounds that do not come from an outside source.

ENT

TMJ (Temporomandibular Joint) Pain

Pain and problems in the jaw joint and the muscles that control chewing.

DentistryENT

Tongue Cancer

A type of mouth and throat cancer that starts in the cells of the tongue.

ENTHematology & Oncology

Tongue Tie

A condition present from birth in which the strip of skin under the tongue is unusually short or tight, limiting tongue movement.

ENTNeonatologyDentistry

Tonsillitis

Inflammation of the tonsils, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

ENT

Tonsils and Adenoid Problems

Problems caused by repeated infections or enlargement of the tonsils and adenoids, which may need surgery.

ENT

Toothache

Pain in or around a tooth, usually a sign of a dental problem.

Dentistry

Tourette Syndrome

A neurological condition that causes sudden, repeated, involuntary movements and sounds called tics.

NeurologyPsychiatry

Toxic Shock Syndrome

A rare but life-threatening condition caused by toxins released by certain bacteria.

EmergencyInternal Medicine

Transitional Cell Cancer of the Kidney

A cancer that starts in the lining of the kidney's drainage system (renal pelvis) or the ureter.

UrologyHematology & Oncology

Tremors

Involuntary, rhythmic shaking of a part of the body, most often the hands.

Neurology

Tuberculosis (TB)

A bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs and spreads through the air. It is curable with a full course of treatment.

Pulmonology

Turner Syndrome

A genetic condition in girls caused by a missing or incomplete X chromosome.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyCardiology

Type 1 Diabetes

A lifelong condition in which the pancreas stops making insulin, so blood sugar rises unless insulin is given.

Diabetes & Endocrinology

Type 2 Diabetes

A long-term condition in which the body does not use insulin properly, causing high blood sugar levels.

Diabetes & EndocrinologyNutrition & Weight Management

Typhoid

A bacterial infection spread through contaminated food and water that causes prolonged high fever.

Internal MedicineEmergency

Ulcerative Colitis

A long-term condition in which the lining of the large bowel (colon and rectum) becomes inflamed and develops ulcers.

GastroenterologyGeneral Surgery

Undescended Testicle

A condition in which one or both testicles have not moved down into the scrotum before birth.

UrologyGeneral SurgeryNeonatology

Unequal Leg Length

A condition in which one leg is noticeably shorter than the other.

OrthopedicsRehabilitation

Urinary Incontinence

Accidental leakage of urine, which is common but often treatable.

Urology

Urinary Tract Infection

An infection anywhere in the urinary system, most often the bladder.

UrologyNephrology & DialysisInternal Medicine

Uterine Sarcomas

Rare cancers that start in the muscle or supporting tissues of the womb.

Hematology & Oncology

Vaginal Cancer

A rare cancer that starts in the lining of the vagina.

Hematology & Oncology

Vaginal Yeast Infection

A common fungal infection that causes itching, irritation and discharge in the vagina.

Vaginitis

Inflammation of the vagina that can cause discharge, itching and pain.

Varicose Veins

Swollen, twisted veins, usually in the legs, that can cause aching, heaviness and swelling.

Vascular Surgery

Vestibular Disorders (Vertigo)

Problems of the inner ear balance system that cause vertigo, a feeling that you or the room is spinning.

ENTNeurology

Vitiligo

A long-term condition in which patches of skin lose their colour.

Internal Medicine

Vocal Cord Lesions

Non-cancerous growths on the vocal cords that change the voice.

ENT

Vulvar Cancer

A cancer that develops on the outer female genitals (vulva).

Hematology & Oncology

Warts

Small, rough growths on the skin caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).

Internal Medicine

Watery Eyes (Tearing)

Excess tears that overflow onto the face.

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A brain disorder caused by a severe lack of thiamine (vitamin B1), most often linked to alcohol misuse.

NeurologyPsychiatryInternal Medicine

Wisdom Tooth Problems

Problems caused by wisdom teeth that do not have enough space to come through properly.

Dentistry

Worm Infestation

Infection of the intestines with parasitic worms, which is common in children.

Internal MedicineGastroenterology

Writer's Cramp

A movement disorder in which the hand and arm muscles cramp or twist during writing.

Neurology

Yellow Fever

A viral infection spread by mosquitoes in parts of Africa and South America that can cause liver damage and bleeding.

Internal Medicine