Overview
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the most common cancer in children, but it also occurs in adults. Abnormal white cells crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow. With modern treatment, most children and many adults are cured.
Symptoms
- Tiredness and pale skin
- Frequent infections and fever
- Easy bruising or bleeding
- Bone or joint pain
- Swollen lymph nodes, liver or spleen
Causes and risk factors
In most cases the cause is unknown. Risk factors include certain genetic conditions such as Down syndrome, previous chemotherapy or radiation, and exposure to high levels of radiation.
Diagnosis
A full blood count, examination of blood cells under the microscope and a bone marrow test confirm the diagnosis. Further tests identify the type of leukaemia to guide treatment.
Treatment
Treatment is with chemotherapy given in phases over two to three years. Some people also receive targeted medicines, immunotherapy, radiotherapy or a stem cell transplant.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor promptly for ongoing tiredness, unexplained bruising or bleeding, repeated infections or persistent bone pain.
This information is for general education and does not replace advice from a qualified doctor. For a medical emergency, call +92-51-8446666 or go to the nearest emergency department.
