Overview
Spina bifida ranges from mild forms with no symptoms to severe forms affecting movement, bladder and bowel function. Folic acid before and during early pregnancy greatly reduces the risk.
Signs
- A sac or opening on the baby's back
- Weakness or paralysis of the legs
- Bladder and bowel problems
- Hydrocephalus (fluid on the brain)
- A dimple, hair tuft or birthmark on the lower back in mild forms
Causes and risk factors
Risk factors include low folic acid in pregnancy, diabetes, obesity, some epilepsy medicines and family history.
Diagnosis
It is often detected on pregnancy ultrasound and confirmed after birth with imaging.
Treatment
Treatment includes surgery to close the spine, treatment for hydrocephalus, physiotherapy, orthopaedic care and bladder and bowel management.
When to see a doctor
Women planning pregnancy should take folic acid. Children with spina bifida need lifelong specialist follow-up.
This information is for general education and does not replace advice from a qualified doctor. For a medical emergency, call +92-51-8446666 or go to the nearest emergency department.
